diff --git a/pvsim/utils.py b/pvsim/utils.py
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+++ b/pvsim/utils.py
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+"""
+pvsim/utils.py
+
+Funzioni di utilità condivise dal progetto PV Simulator.
+
+Contiene funzioni per:
+
+- gestione timestamp;
+- generazione intervalli temporali;
+- conversione oggetti -> dizionari;
+- conversione oggetti -> DataFrame;
+- aggregazione temporale;
+- gestione directory;
+- conversione sicura dei valori numerici;
+- calcolo di energia;
+- serializzazione JSON.
+
+Questo modulo non contiene logica specifica del modello fotovoltaico.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+
+from dataclasses import asdict, is_dataclass
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional
+
+import pandas as pd
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+# TIME
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def generate_time_range(
+    start: datetime,
+    end: datetime,
+    timestep_minutes: int,
+) -> Iterable[datetime]:
+    """
+    Genera una sequenza temporale uniforme.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    start:
+        Timestamp iniziale.
+
+    end:
+        Timestamp finale, escluso.
+
+    timestep_minutes:
+        Durata del timestep in minuti.
+
+    Yields
+    ------
+    datetime
+    """
+
+    if end <= start:
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            "end deve essere maggiore di start"
+        )
+
+    if timestep_minutes <= 0:
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            "timestep_minutes deve essere > 0"
+        )
+
+    current = start
+
+    delta = timedelta(
+
+        minutes=timestep_minutes
+    )
+
+    while current < end:
+
+        yield current
+
+        current += delta
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def datetime_to_string(
+    value: datetime,
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Converte datetime in stringa ISO.
+    """
+
+    return value.isoformat()
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def ensure_datetime(
+    value: Any,
+) -> datetime:
+    """
+    Converte un valore in datetime.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(
+        value,
+        datetime,
+    ):
+
+        return value
+
+    return pd.to_datetime(
+
+        value
+    ).to_pydatetime()
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+# OBJECT CONVERSION
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def object_to_dict(
+    obj: Any,
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Converte un oggetto in dizionario.
+
+    Supporta:
+
+    - dataclass;
+    - oggetti con to_dict();
+    - oggetti con __dict__;
+    - dizionari.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(
+        obj,
+        dict,
+    ):
+
+        return dict(
+            obj
+        )
+
+    if hasattr(
+        obj,
+        "to_dict",
+    ):
+
+        return obj.to_dict()
+
+    if is_dataclass(
+        obj
+    ):
+
+        return asdict(
+            obj
+        )
+
+    if hasattr(
+        obj,
+        "__dict__",
+    ):
+
+        return dict(
+            obj.__dict__
+        )
+
+    raise TypeError(
+        f"Tipo non supportato: "
+        f"{type(obj)}"
+    )
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def objects_to_dataframe(
+    objects: Iterable[Any],
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Converte una sequenza di oggetti in DataFrame.
+    """
+
+    records = [
+
+        object_to_dict(
+            obj
+        )
+
+        for obj in objects
+    ]
+
+    if not records:
+
+        return pd.DataFrame()
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(
+        records
+    )
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+# DATAFRAME
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def normalize_dataframe(
+    dataframe: pd.DataFrame,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Normalizza un DataFrame.
+
+    Operazioni:
+
+    - copia del DataFrame;
+    - conversione timestamp;
+    - ordinamento temporale;
+    - reset dell'indice.
+    """
+
+    if dataframe.empty:
+
+        return dataframe.copy()
+
+    dataframe = dataframe.copy()
+
+    if "timestamp" in dataframe.columns:
+
+        dataframe[
+            "timestamp"
+        ] = pd.to_datetime(
+
+            dataframe[
+                "timestamp"
+            ]
+        )
+
+        dataframe = dataframe.sort_values(
+
+            "timestamp"
+        )
+
+    return dataframe.reset_index(
+
+        drop=True
+    )
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def aggregate_dataframe(
+    dataframe: pd.DataFrame,
+    frequency: str = "1D",
+    numeric_only: bool = True,
+) -> pd.DataFrame:
+    """
+    Aggrega un DataFrame temporalmente.
+
+    Esempio:
+
+        daily = aggregate_dataframe(
+            df,
+            "1D"
+        )
+
+    Frequenze comuni:
+
+        5min
+        15min
+        1H
+        1D
+        1W
+        1ME
+    """
+
+    if dataframe.empty:
+
+        return dataframe.copy()
+
+    if "timestamp" not in dataframe.columns:
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Il DataFrame deve contenere "
+            "la colonna timestamp"
+        )
+
+    df = normalize_dataframe(
+
+        dataframe
+    )
+
+    df = df.set_index(
+
+        "timestamp"
+    )
+
+    result = (
+
+        df.resample(
+
+            frequency
+        ).mean(
+
+            numeric_only=numeric_only
+        )
+    )
+
+    return result.reset_index()
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def ensure_directory(
+    path: str | Path,
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    Crea una directory se non esiste.
+    """
+
+    path = Path(
+        path
+    )
+
+    path.mkdir(
+
+        parents=True,
+
+        exist_ok=True
+    )
+
+    return path
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+# NUMBERS
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def safe_float(
+    value: Any,
+    default: float = 0.0,
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Converte un valore in float in modo sicuro.
+    """
+
+    try:
+
+        if value is None:
+
+            return default
+
+        return float(
+            value
+        )
+
+    except (
+        TypeError,
+        ValueError,
+    ):
+
+        return default
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def safe_divide(
+    numerator: float,
+    denominator: float,
+    default: float = 0.0,
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Divisione sicura.
+    """
+
+    if denominator == 0:
+
+        return default
+
+    return numerator / denominator
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def power_to_energy(
+    power_W: float,
+    timestep_minutes: float,
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Converte potenza istantanea in energia.
+
+    W * h = Wh
+    """
+
+    timestep_hours = (
+
+        timestep_minutes
+
+        / 60.0
+    )
+
+    return (
+
+        power_W
+
+        * timestep_hours
+    )
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+# JSON
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def make_json_serializable(
+    value: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Converte ricorsivamente oggetti Python
+    in strutture compatibili con JSON.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(
+        value,
+        datetime,
+    ):
+
+        return value.isoformat()
+
+    if is_dataclass(
+        value
+    ):
+
+        return make_json_serializable(
+
+            asdict(
+                value
+            )
+        )
+
+    if isinstance(
+        value,
+        dict,
+    ):
+
+        return {
+
+            str(key):
+
+                make_json_serializable(
+                    item
+                )
+
+            for key, item
+            in value.items()
+        }
+
+    if isinstance(
+        value,
+        (
+            list,
+            tuple,
+            set,
+        ),
+    ):
+
+        return [
+
+            make_json_serializable(
+                item
+            )
+
+            for item in value
+        ]
+
+    if hasattr(
+        value,
+        "item",
+    ):
+
+        try:
+
+            return value.item()
+
+        except (
+            ValueError,
+            TypeError,
+        ):
+
+            pass
+
+    return value
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+def save_json(
+    data: Any,
+    path: str | Path,
+    indent: int = 2,
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    Salva dati in JSON.
+    """
+
+    path = Path(
+        path
+    )
+
+    ensure_directory(
+
+        path.parent
+    )
+
+    serializable = (
+
+        make_json_serializable(
+            data
+        )
+    )
+
+    with path.open(
+
+        "w",
+
+        encoding="utf-8",
+    ) as file:
+
+        json.dump(
+
+            serializable,
+
+            file,
+
+            indent=indent,
+
+            ensure_ascii=False,
+        )
+
+    return path
+
+
+# ======================================================================
+
+
+__all__ = [
+
+    "generate_time_range",
+
+    "datetime_to_string",
+
+    "ensure_datetime",
+
+    "object_to_dict",
+
+    "objects_to_dataframe",
+
+    "normalize_dataframe",
+
+    "aggregate_dataframe",
+
+    "ensure_directory",
+
+    "safe_float",
+
+    "safe_divide",
+
+    "power_to_energy",
+
+    "make_json_serializable",
+
+    "save_json",
+]
+```